从国家利益分析越南的东盟政策演变

随着时局变化，越南与东盟经历了多种关系形态，从20世纪60年代东盟成立之初的敌视猜疑，20世纪80年代围绕柬埔寨问题的政治对抗，到冷战后越南成为东盟成员，再到当前越南积极推动东盟发展。为什么越南的东盟外交政策会出现如此大的变化？本书以国家利益为中心，通过考察不同时期越南国家利益的转变，阐释越南对东盟外交政策演变的内在逻辑。越南的东盟政策变迁是越南对外政策演变的缩影，对其进行研究有助于我们理解和预判越南的外交行为。冷战时期，为了国家的独立与生存，越南以意识形态为纽带在社会主义阵营中谋求安全，而部分东盟成员国则通过为美国提供军事支持，甚至直接参与越南战争获取美国的安全保护。20世纪70年代，越南与东盟关系的短暂缓和也说明了是安全利益而非意识形态决定了越南的东盟外交政策。20世纪90年代初，东欧剧变与苏联解体对越南执政者产生了极大的思想冲击。政权稳定和身份危机成为越南面临的最大安全困境。调整战略思维，淡化意识形态，回归东南亚地区，加入东盟是越南最好的外交选择。进入21世纪，在和平稳定的周边环境下，改变越南经济社会的落后面貌，增强国家实力是越南的优先国家利益。在“外交为经济服务”的外交总方针之下，越南提出应“突出与东盟的合作效果”。在对东盟的外交实践中，越南力促新成员加入、强调成员间发展差距，努力兑现东盟框架下的各项经济承诺，同时，越南积极扩大和加强与东盟伙伴国间的关系，通过加入APEC、WTO等国际经济组织，不断融入国际社会。2008年以后，随着地区和国际力量对比的变化，越南把拓展发展空间、增强地区与国际影响力视为保障国家可持续发展的优先国家利益，并提出“融入国际”“做国际社会负责任成员”的外交目标。东盟对于越南的战略依托作用得到充分重视，越南不仅明确了其“东南亚国家”“东盟成员”的国家定位，而且提出了“积极、主动和负责任”参与东盟事务的方针，重点推动东盟在政治安全方面的合作。正是在国际格局、地区局势、国家实力与领导人认知影响下越南国家利益的转变，决定了越南对东盟政策与实践的演变。随着国际体系多极化和地区一体化趋势的加强，越南国家利益与东南亚区域利益逐步趋同。这将成为越南进一步增强其在东盟中地位与作用的动力，也是越南在东亚谋求更大发展空间的基础。关键词：越南 外交政策 东盟 国家利益AbstractThe relationship between Vietnam and ASEAN has gone through several stages,ranging from hostile confrontation to perceived familyship.Why has Vietnamese foreign policy toward ASEAN changed so dramatically?This dissertation examines the main factors that shaped the Vietnamese national interests over time,in order to find out the logic of the evolution of Vietnamese foreign policies toward ASEAN.In the Cold War era,Vietnam had to use ideology as a tool to pursue its national security interests within the Socialist camp,whereas some ASEAN countries provided military support to the United States during Vietnam war to obtain American protection.The detente between Vietnam and ASEAN in 1970s proved that the decisive factor in Vietnamese foreign policy was national interests,as opposed to ideology.As the Cold War ended,Vietnam adjusted its strategic thinking to maintain the stability of the regime,and return to the region and being an ASEAN member became its best choice.After beginning of the new century,Vietnam gave economic development the first priority,and managed to fulfill a variety of economic commitments to ASEAN as well as to join APEC and WTO to further integrate into the world economy.Starting from 2008,Vietnamese leaders felt higher threat perception as they witnessed the rise of China.To enhance its own influential power,the Vietnamese government turned to emphasize the strategic importance of ASEAN and began to perceive itself as a“Southeast Asia country”and“ASEAN member”,putting forward the“positive,active and responsible”policy toward ASEAN.It is the changing national interests over time,as a result of the interplay of different factors,that shaped the evolution of Vietnamese diplomatic policy and practice toward ASEAN.As the Vietnamese national interests keep converging with the interests of the Southeast Asian region,Vietnam will further strengthen its role and involvement in ASEAN,particularly in political and security matters.Key Words: Vietnam; Foreign Policy; ASEAN; National Interests

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