孙中山的三民主义与马克思主义中国化

马克思主义在与中国传统文化相结合并对中国问题作出解答的同时，势必与20世纪中国思想世界的诸多主要思潮发生多方面的联系。马克思主义与这些主要思潮的联系既表现为相互吸取、相互影响，又表现为相互激荡、相互争鸣。与20世纪政治世界的波澜壮阔、错综复杂的景象如影相随，由此展开了20世纪中国思想世界的绚丽画卷。中国马克思主义正是在同这些主要思潮的交流激荡中，逐渐地丰富了自己的思想意蕴，成为中国思想世界的有机组成部分。马克思主义从流传到中国的一个社会思潮而汇成中国的主流思想，并不仅仅来自中国马克思主义者在政治上的胜利，更主要的在于中国马克思主义在与这些主要思潮的交流激荡中充分显示了自己的创造性、合理性和生命力，显示了自己掌握群众并由此而转变成伟大的中国共产主义运动的力量。考察马克思主义与20世纪诸多主要思潮的关系，是马克思主义中国化的一个重要内容。20世纪的中国政治史，自五四运动以来，实际上是以国民党与共产党的关系为中心而展开的，由此决定了20世纪中国政治思想史上最重要的思潮，就是三民主义与马克思主义。三民主义的思想旗帜由国民党高举着，马克思主义的思想旗帜则由中国共产党高举着。正像国共两党的关系在过去80年间表现为联合与破裂交替变化一样，三民主义与马克思主义的关系同样是扑朔迷离、错综复杂的。这两大思潮的联系，构成了马克思主义中国化的一个重要方面，对20世纪中国人的思想世界乃至整个生活世界都产生了深刻的影响。三民主义与马克思主义，是中国民族资产阶级和中国无产阶级对中国问题解答的两种思想体系。它们之所以产生如此深刻的影响，就是因为在这两种主义的指导下产生了国民党领导的政治力量和共产党领导的政治力量。对中国问题解决途径探索的民族性和阶级性，决定了国民党与共产党在政治上既有合作的可能，也有分裂对抗的可能。因此，寻找超越各自的阶级利益上的共同点，力求从对方的思想中吸收丰富的养分以壮大自己，不仅与中华民族的命运前途息息相关，也决定了一个政党及其所信奉的主义的命运前途。马克思主义中国化的进程和中国化马克思主义的形成，一定程度上讲，都存在一个对孙中山的三民主义及其三民主义的各种解说、流变的重新认识和重新评价的问题。在马克思主义中国化的过程中，中国共产党人对三民主义的认识，虽经历过一些曲折磨难，但总体上讲，基本上达到了既与孙中山的三民主义的原旨相符合，又与中国历史发展的规律和中华民族的整体利益相符合。如果忽视马克思主义与20世纪思想世界诸多主要思潮的联系，特别是与孙中山的三民主义的联系，就难以全面展示出马克思主义中国化高歌猛进的真实历史画面。只有加强对孙中山的三民主义与马克思主义中国化的关系的研究，孙中山的三民主义被中国化马克思主义所取代的必然趋势才能完整地、生动地展现在世人的面前。三民主义是由中国民主革命的伟大先行者孙中山所创立的。在辛亥革命后，孙中山曾对三民主义做过两次重大的发展。第一次是孙中山在1917—1919年之间完成了《建国方略》。第二次是孙中山在列宁领导的苏联和刚刚诞生的中国共产党的影响下，把旧三民主义发展为新三民主义。三民主义，由于与孙中山的革命历程紧密地结合在一起，成为20世纪中国思想世界中一大具有影响力的政治思潮。关于三民主义的思想来源，孙中山认为三民主义是自己对中国问题思考、融会中西古今思想精华所成。在吸收西方的思想资源方面，孙中山实现了由学习西方资本主义到学习西方社会主义的转变，并在理论和实践上呈现了向马克思主义接近的趋势；在运用中国的思想资源方面，孙中山经历一个由离异到回归的过程，终于实现了西方社会主义思想与中国传统文化的结合。三民主义绝非欧美思想的照搬照抄，也不是中国传统思想的复活，而是孙中山基于解决中国现实问题所做的思想探索和理论创造。孙中山对西方社会主义思想，甚至马克思的一些观点的吸收，在三民主义的形成和发展过程中起着重大的作用。孙中山的民生主义即他的社会主义，从阶级性质上看，显然属于资产阶级的理论体系。它接近中国的科学社会主义，但绝不是科学社会主义。孙中山的三民主义是中国民族资产阶级革命家对中国问题的社会主义思考，具有历史进步性。它的兴起推动了马克思主义在中国的最初传播，而马克思主义在中国的传播又深刻影响了三民主义的发展。孙中山等国民党人尽管不是马克思主义者，却不自觉地成为马克思主义在中国传播、发展的先导，构成了马克思主义中国化的一个特殊的历史环节。在马克思主义中国化过程中，中国共产党政治上少不了与国民党人的接触、合作和交锋，思想文化上不可避免要遭遇到孙中山的三民主义。对孙中山的三民主义认识贯穿于中国共产党探索新民主主义革命道路的整个过程之中。中国共产党从对孙中山的新三民主义的认同，到孙中山逝世后根据马克思主义的基本原理结合戴季陶的言论进行积极的解释，再到在国民党的白色恐怖下被迫放弃国民党的旗帜后，对三民主义几近基本否定。毛泽东抗战时期在总结中国革命实践经验的基础上，重新认识和重新评价孙中山的三民主义。这种重新认识、重新评价的关键，在于克服了对三民主义的简单定性和基本否定的错误倾向，从而真正找到了马克思主义与三民主义的结合点，即中国共产党的民主革命纲领或最低纲领，与孙中山的新三民主义具有基本的一致性和共同性。这样一来，中国马克思主义对于三民主义的理解，经历了肯定、否定再到肯定的过程。这个过程从一个侧面反映了中国马克思主义正在走向成熟，从一个侧面体现了马克思主义的中国化进程。这种对于马克思主义与三民主义结合点的确定，使得中国马克思主义与孙中山开启的20世纪政治思想传统有了一种内在的连续性，成为一种与近代中国自身的革命思想一脉相承的主义和学说。事实上，毛泽东在创立新民主主义的理论体系时，有许多关于对三民主义的论述。孙中山的三民主义成为毛泽东思想的一个重要理论来源。1949年新中国成立后，中国共产党与中国国民党形成长期的对抗状态，与此相连的是，革命时期就已形成的对孙中山的三民主义的两个不同认识体系，不但保留下来，而且由于地缘的隔离和政治上的对抗，更加坚固和封闭起来。国民党在台湾一方面使三民主义增添了现代性和民族性的内容，另一方面也使三民主义修补为反对马克思主义和社会主义中国的思想工具。毛泽东1956年提出了吸收孙中山的思想中有价值的东西的号召和命题。在新的历史时期，中国共产党领导人结合中国建设的实际和中华民族伟大复兴的大业，高度评价了孙中山及其思想，号召全国人民在新时期要弘扬孙中山的革命精神。邓小平在改革开放新时期首先恢复了共产党人正确的孙中山观，认为孙中山精神是联系中国大陆和台湾的强大精神纽带。江泽民把孙中山与毛泽东、邓小平并列看做是20世纪推动中国历史发生巨变的世纪伟人，创立了“三个代表”重要思想，确立了实现社会主义现代化、振兴中华的跨世纪宏伟目标，使中国共产党人对孙中山的继承发展推向一个新阶段。理论界在邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想的指导下，沿着中国共产党领导人在对孙中山及其思想的论述中所提供的基本线索，对孙中山的思想中与中国现实有密切联系的现代化思想、社会主义思想和振兴中华的思想进行认真的研究和深入的探讨，使孙中山的思想在当代重新焕发出生命力和体现出巨大的现代价值。新时期对孙中山及其思想的研究呈现出显著特点，具体体现在四个转变上：实现了由革命时期的领导人的政治论述为主到建设时期的领导人的政治论述与学术界的学术研究相结合的转变；实现了革命思想的研究到和平建设思想的研究的转变；实现了由中国共产党党史的研究到中国近现代史的研究的转变；实现了由单纯的孙中山的社会主义思想的研究到对其与马克思主义中国化的关系的研究的转变。历史地考察社会主义在中国运行的轨迹，就可以发现，孙中山的三民主义只能是中国社会主义运动的前奏，它必然为中国共产党人所信奉的科学社会主义所取代。马克思主义中国化是以马克思主义引进到中国和马克思主义信仰的确立为基本前提的。中国马克思主义者从对唯物史观的认识来理解马克思主义的基本原理，掌握了认识世界和改造世界的思想武器；而马克思主义的东方社会理论，特别是列宁的东方社会理论成为马克思主义中国化的直接理论前提。中国共产党人为了实现社会主义的目标，必须首先开展新民主主义革命，待革命胜利后紧接着进行社会主义革命，进入社会主义社会。毛泽东领导全国人民取得了新民主主义革命的胜利，成功地走出了一条社会主义改造（革命）的道路，对社会主义建设道路进行了开拓性的探索。邓小平在此基础上初步系统地回答了“什么是社会主义和怎样建设社会主义”的基本问题，把对社会主义的认识提高到新的科学水平，实现了由孙中山的社会主义到中国特色社会主义的跃进，开拓了一条在社会主义的道路上实现中华民族伟大复兴的新途径。孙中山和中国共产党人，在对中国问题解决的思路和途径上，都把革命、现代化、社会主义与中华民族的伟大复兴作了连接。因为这些思路和途径都是依据于对中国基本国情的解读，其中有许多共同点；但又因为在社会主义的认识上存在资产阶级和无产阶级的解读方式，两者又有诸多差异。孙中山和中国共产党在革命问题上，都赞成进行反帝反封建的民族民主革命，但孙中山只是到此为止，而共产党人主张在民族民主革命胜利后接着开展无产阶级性质的社会主义革命。两者都主张走社会主义现代化道路以实现中华民族的伟大复兴，但两者对社会主义的理解却是不相同的。孙中山在理论上做了把西方社会主义学说与中国国情连接的第一次尝试。社会主义革命和社会主义建设的丰富实践活动，是中国共产党深化社会主义认识的肥沃土壤。因此，从思想文化的发展角度看，孙中山的三民主义与马克思主义中国化之间存在着内在联系。这些联系为中国共产党批判地吸收孙中山的社会主义思想提供了可能性。孙中山的社会主义与中国特色社会主义之所以存在共同点和差异点，还因为两者的社会主义所依据的历史观根本不同，但又有密切联系。民生史观是孙中山在对唯物史观的批判和对照中创立的。对唯物史观这种激烈的批判丝毫不会阻挡孙中山在创立民生史观的过程中吸收唯物史观的一些观点。中国马克思主义者是从接受唯物史观来理解和掌握马克思主义的理论体系的。毛泽东对以唯物史观为核心内容的马克思主义哲学作了创造性阐释，推动了马克思主义哲学的中国化，形成了中国共产党人实事求是的思想路线。十一届三中全会以后，党的思想路线得到了恢复丰富和发展。毛泽东在推进马克思主义哲学中国化的过程中，对孙中山的民生史观进行论述和评价。对这些论述和评价应当做历史的分析。今天有必要从民生史观产生的历史环境和社会影响的角度，从唯物史观与唯心史观的评判标准上，重新认识和重新评价民生史观。历史观的不同决定了民生史观的社会主义只能是预防社会革命发生的社会主义，而唯物史观的社会主义必然是在共产党领导下通过社会主义革命以共产主义为终极目标的社会主义。坚持科学发展观以构建社会主义和谐社会，以及2005年春季以来海峡两岸涌动的党际交流对话的春潮，使孙中山的三民主义与马克思主义中国化研究，更加显示出现实意义和时代价值。只有辨认和确定现代化——孙中山的三民主义与当代中国马克思主义的结合点，才能弘扬孙中山精神，才能开辟一片马克思主义中国化研究的新天地。关键词：三民主义 马克思主义 中国化 批判吸收 现代价值AbstractMarxism has the tendency of producing quite a lot of connections with various main ideological trends in the thought world of China in the 20th century while it is combined with the Chinese traditional culture and puts forward the solution to Chinese Question.The connection between them not only shows the mutual absorption and influence，but also the mutual fierce fighting and debate，which hence carries out the wonderful picture scroll of the Chinese thought world together with the splendid and complex scene of the politics world of the 20th.It is in the exchanging and fighting with these main ideological trends that Marxism gradually has enriched its own thought and become an organic part of the Chinese thought world engendering the far-reaching and gigantic influence on the Chinese thought world，not just because of the political victory of Chinese Marxists but also because of its own creativity，rationality and vitality shown in the exchanging and fighting with the others.The study of the relation between Marxism and the other main ideological trends is the important content of Marxist Chinese Reshaping.Since the May 4th Movement in 1919，China's political history has been actually opened chiefly at the centre of the relationship between Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China，in which the road of the solution to Chinese Question has been explored independently by KMT and CPC.Coherently the most important ideological trends in the thought world of China in the 20th century are the Three People's Principles held by KMT and Marxism by CPC.Just like the exchanges of the union and cracking of the relation between KMT and CPC in the past 80 years，the relation between the Three People's Principles and Marxism is unexpected and complicated，which forms a vital respect of Marxist Chinese Reshaping and which deeply influences the thought world of China and even all the life world.Why？Because the two theories produce the different political forces led by KMT and by CPC in the search of the solution to Chinese Question，the nation nature and class quality of which decides the two chances between the cooperation and the fighting.Therefore，seeking for the common benefits of the two parties and strengthening itself by absorbing the rich nutrient from the other party，not only is closely connected with the future and destiny of China，but also that of a party as well as one's theory.To a certain degree，the course of Marxist Chinese Reshaping and the formation of Chinese Reshaped Marxism have both encountered the problem of the understanding afresh and judgment afresh of Sun Yatsen's Three People's Principles and all sorts of explanations.Generally speaking，the understanding of the Three People's Principles by CPC accords with the original thought of Sun Yatsen and also the common interests of Chinese nationality.If the relationship is overlooked between Marxism and the other main ideological trends esp.of Sun Yatsen's theory，it is difficult to exhibit the real historical picture of the rapid development of Marxist Chinese Reshaping.Only by making further study of the Three People's Principles is the inevitable trend that Marxism takes the place of the Three People's Principles able to open totally and vividly.The Three People's Principles was founded by Sun Yat-sen，the pioneer of Chinese democratic revolution，which was promoted twice after the 1911's revolution by Sun Yat-sen.One was the book the Scheme of Establishing a State written by Sun Yat-sen between 1917-1919.One was the leap of the Three People's Principles from the old stage to the new stage.The Three People's Principles became one of the main ideological trends of Chinese thought world in the 20th century because it was close to the revolutionary course of Sun Yat-sen.Concerning the ideological origin of the Three People's Principles.In Dr.Sun's opinion，it was founded by the reflection on Chinese Question，merging the valuable thoughts，ancient and modern，national and foreign.In the absorption of the western thought resources，Dr.Sun realized the basic change from learning the western capitalist thought to learning the western socialist thought，tending to get in touch with Marxism.In the utilization of Chinese traditional culture resources，Dr.Sun finally brought about the combination of the western socialist thoughts with Chinese traditional culture through the course from separation to return.The Three People's Principles neither copied the European and American thoughts nor revived Chinese traditional thought It was a kind of thought exploration and theoretical creativity that Dr.Sun made in the search of the solution to Chinese actual questions.It played an essential part in the formation and development of the Three People's Principles for Dr.Sun to absorb the western socialist thoughts，Marxism included.According to the class quality，Dr.Sun'socialist thought belongs to bourgeoisie，so it never is the scientific socialism.Its historical progress lies in that the Three People's Principles is the one that Dr.Sun as a Chinese national bourgeoisie revolutionary made in the effort to solve Chinese Question with the western socialist thoughts.Its springing up gave impetus to the initial propaganda of Marxism in China while the propaganda of Marxism in China deeply influenced the development of the Three People's Principles.Although they were not Marxists，yet Dr.Sun and some KMTs were pioneers who propagated Marxism unconsciously in China，which constituted a special link of Marxist Chinese Reshaping.In the course of Marxist Chinese Reshaping，CPC was in the condition of the touch，either the cooperation or the fighting with KMT in politics，in which CPC very frequently encountered the Three People's Principles.Hence，the understanding of Dr Sun'theory made up an important aspect of Marxist Chinese Reshaping，which penetrated all the process of the exploration of the new-democratic revolution of China from the agreement to its own explanation，to almost the elementary denial，finally to the basic approval of Mao Ze-Dong.At the base of summing up the Chinese revolutionary experiences during the Anti-Japanese Imperialism War，Mao Ze-Dong made the understanding afresh and judgment afresh of Sun Yat-sen'Three People's Principles，the key of which lay in the finding out of the link point between the Three People's Principles and Marxism that the guiding principle of the new-democratic revolution or the minimum guiding principle was basically in concordance with The New Three People's Principles of Dr.Sun.The understanding afresh and judgment afresh of the Three People's Principles displayed that Chinese Reshaped Marxism was growing more and more mature and embodied the process of Marxist Chinese Reshaping.The determination of the link point between the Three People's Principles and Marxism made Marxism a kind of Chinese revolutionary theory，which had the internal relations with the 20th political thought culture created by Dr.Sun.In fact，the new-democratic revolution theory system by Mao Ze-Dong had a close relationship with this understanding afresh and judgment afresh of Sun Yat-sen'Three People's Principles.Since the foundation of New China in 1949，CPC and KMT Have been in the long-term hostile state and hence there have been two ideological systems in the understanding of Sun Yat-sen'Three People's Principles.In Taiwan，KMT adds the content of modernization and nationality，at the same time changes it into a thought tool which is used to struggle against the Marxism and CPC.It was in 1956 that Mao Ze-Dong put forward the appeal and theme that we should absorb the valuable things from Dr.Sun'thought.In the new times，CPC leaders have highly appraised Dr.Sun and his thought with regards to the Chinese construction reality and the replenishing course of Chinese nationality and called on the people all over the country to enlarge and develop Dr Sun'revo-lutionary spirit.Deng Xiao-Ping at first reinstated the correct outpoint of Dr.Sun by CPC，deeming that Dr.Sun'spirit was a strong moral tie which connected China mainland with Taiwan.Jiang Ze-Min regards Dr Sun as the first great man in the 20th century and pushes the understanding of Dr.Sun and his thought to a new stage by putting forward the Important Thought of the Three Represents and laying down the great object of the socialist modernization in order to replenish Chinese nationality.Under the guide of Deng Xiao-Ping'Theory and the important thought of Three Represents，and along the basic clue suggested by CPC leaders in the understanding of Dr.Sun，the theoretician workers make further study of Dr.Sun'thoughts about modernization，socialism and replenishing of Chinese nationality which are close to the China'socialist construction practice so that Dr.Sun'thought takes on an entirely new look and shows its great value in the new times.The striking character in the research of Dr.Sun'thoughts exists in the four changes：the first change from the political exposition by CPC leaders in the revolutionary period to the combination between the political exposition by CPC leaders and academic research by the theoretician workers in the socialist construction；the second from the study of his revolutionary thought to that of his peace construction；the third from the study of the party history of CPC to that of China'modern history；the last from the unilateral research of Dr.Sun'socialist thought to the mutual relation between it and Marxist Chinese Reshaping.If we make a comprehensive study of the process of socialism in China，we can find out that Dr.Sun'socialist thought was only the prelude to China'socialist movement and couldn't avoid being taken place of by the Chinese scientific socialism.Marxist Chinese Reshaping had to have the basic prerequisite that Marxism was introduced into China and the faith of Marxism was established.Chinese Marxists came to understand Marxism by knowing the historical materialism of Marxism and master the thought weapon to realize and change the world.Meanwhile，the oriental society theory of Marx'and esp.Lenin'became the direct theoretical prerequisite.In order to realize the aim of socialism，CPC had to carry on the new democratic revolution，continued to advance the so-cialist revolution shortly after the victory，and enter the socialist society.Mao Ze-Dong led Chinese people to obtain the victory，succeeded in the socialist transform，and made a painstaking and initial effort to probe into the road of Chinese socialist construction.At the base of Mao Ze-Dong'exploration，Deng Xiao-Ping initially and systematically answered the essential questions such as what socialism is and how to build up socialism，raised the understanding of socialism to a new scientific level，realized the grand reap from Dr.Sun'socialism to the socialism with Chinese character by CPC and opened up a new road of the socialist construction to replenish Chinese nationality.As to how to solve Chinese Question，Dr.Sun and CPC consider revolution，modernization and socialism as a road of the replenishing of Chinese nationality.There are quite a few common points between Dr.Sun and CPC because the trains of thinking and the roads come out according to Chinese basic national conditions.But there is quite a little difference between the two because the understanding of socialism is either at the standpoint of Chinese national bourgeoisie or at the standpoint of Chinese proletariat.Dr.Sun agreed over the bourgeoisie democratic revolution but firmly opposed the proletariat socialist revolution while the two kinds of revolution were approved of by CPC.Dr.Sun and CPC maintained that China took the socialist road to realize replenishing of Chinese nationality while there was much difference in the understanding of socialism.Dr.Sun made the first try to join the western socialism to Chinese national conditions.The understanding of socialism has been deepened by CPC in the rich practice of socialist revolution and socialist construction.Therefore from the angle of the cultural development，between the Three People'Principles and Chinese Reshaped Marxism there is the inner link，which makes it quite possible for CPC to absorb Dr.Sun'socialist thought critically.It was because the historical viewpoints were quite different that there were quite a lot of common points and much difference between Dr.Sun'socialism and CPC'socialism.The Conception of History of Livelihood was established by Dr.Sun in the course of the criticism and comparison of the historical materialism of Marxism.But the fierce criticism couldn't prevent Dr.Sun from absorbing some viewpoints from Marxism.It was by knowing the historical materialism of Marxism that CPC came to understand and master Marxism.Mao Ze-Dong creatively clarified Marxist philosophy，the core of which was the historical materialism，promoted Marxist philosophy Chinese Reshaping and formed the thought line of seeking the truth from the fact of CPC.Since the reform and open policy，our Party'thought line has been greatly enriched and expanded.In the course of Marxist philosophy Chinese Reshaping，Mao Ze-Dong made the discussion and appraisal of the Conception of History of Livelihood，which should be analyzed historically.It is necessary for us to make the understanding and judgment afresh according to the historical conditions and the social influence.Different understanding of socialism depends on different conception of history.Socialism based on the Conception of History of Livelihood is the socialism that guards against socialist revolution while socialism based on the historical materialism of Marxism is the socialism，the ultimate end of which is communism by way of socialist revolution under the leadership of CPC.The construction of the harmonious socialist society in accordance with the scientific viewpoint of development and the spring current of the exchange between the parties from the Mainland and Taiwan makes the study of the relation between the Three People'Principles and Marxist Chinese Reshaping of actual significance and modern value.Only by means of identifying and fixing such common points as modernization，socialism and the replenishing of Chinese nationality between the Three People'Principles and Marxist Chinese Reshaping are we able to enlarge and develop the spirit of Sun Yet-sen and develop a new piece of field of Marxism Chinese Reshaping research.Key words：the Three People'Principles，Marxist Chinese Reshaping，absorption critically，of modern value

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